# StockMarket.et

> Empower individuals with the knowledge and tools necessary for successful participation in the Ethiopian Capital Market.

StockMarket.et is an independent news desk covering the Ethiopian capital market:
the Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX), listed companies, banking, monetary
policy, startups and personal finance. Published by PiSpace
(https://www.pispace.co). Editorial language is English; times are Africa/Addis_Ababa.

Content is published continuously. Prefer the news sitemap below for anything
time-sensitive — an article older than a few days may have been superseded.

## Key pages

- [Home](https://www.stockmarket.et/): lead story, latest news and live ESX market data
- [Market data](https://www.stockmarket.et/stock-market-data/): ESX prices and market board
- [Publications](https://www.stockmarket.et/publications/): magazines and research briefs, free PDFs
- [Podcast](https://www.stockmarket.et/podcast/): interviews and market discussion
- [Newsletter](https://www.stockmarket.et/newsletter/): weekly brief archive
- [Financial Dictionary](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/): 204 defined finance terms, English with Amharic names
- [About](https://www.stockmarket.et/about-us/): who we are
- [Contact](https://www.stockmarket.et/contact/): reach the desk

## Sections

- [Banking & Finance](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/bank/): 211 articles
- [Economy](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/economy/): 203 articles
- [Capital Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/capitalmarket/): 189 articles
- [Business](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/business/): 186 articles
- [Tech](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/tech/): 81 articles
- [Forex](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/forex/): 30 articles
- [Learn Stock Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/learn-stock-market/): 29 articles
- [News](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/): 23 articles
- [Startup](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/startup/): 21 articles
- [Crypto News](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/crypto-news/): 14 articles
- [Deep Dive](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/insights/deep-dive/): 12 articles
- [Regulation](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/regulation/): 12 articles
- [Opinion](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/insights/opinion/): 9 articles
- [Leadership](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/news/leadership/): 3 articles
- [Global News](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/global-news/): 2 articles
- [Biography](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/biography/): 1 articles
- [Insights](https://www.stockmarket.et/category/insights/): 1 articles

## Recent articles

- [NBE Forex Auction Demand Surges to $470 Million as Cut-Off Rate Rises to 161.0050 Birr/USD](https://www.stockmarket.et/nbe-forex-auction-demand-surges-to-470-million-as-cut-off-rate-rises-to-161-0050-birr-usd/) — 2026-08-12: The National Bank of Ethiopia’s (NBE) 25th foreign exchange auction points to a sharp increase in demand for foreign currency, with banks submitting USD 470.17 
- [AfroMessage Reports $139.7 Million in Potential FX Expenditure Avoided Through Local SMS Infrastructure](https://www.stockmarket.et/afromessage-reports-139-7-million-in-potential-fx-expenditure-avoided-through-local-sms-infrastructure/) — 2026-08-12: Ethiopian messaging platform AfroMessage says it has powered more than 407.8 million A2P SMS messages for businesses and organizations across Ethiopia since Apr
- [Amhara Bank Appoints Yihnalem Aknaw as New CEO](https://www.stockmarket.et/amhara-bank-appoints-yihnalem-aknaw-as-new-ceo/) — 2026-08-11: Amhara Bank has appointed Yihnalem Aknaw as its new Chief Executive Officer (CEO), following approval of his appointment by the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE).
- [ECMA Registers 234,388 Meba Microfinance Shares, Approves ETB 110 Million Rights Offer](https://www.stockmarket.et/ecma-registers-234388-shares-of-meba-microfinance-institute-2/) — 2026-08-10: The Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA) has registered a total of 234,388 ordinary shares of Meba Microfinance Institute S.C., comprising 34,388 existing 
- [ECMA Registers 11.67 Million Existing Shares of Hibret Bank](https://www.stockmarket.et/ecma-registers-11-67-million-existing-shares-of-hibret-bank/) — 2026-08-08: The Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA) has approved the registration of 11,665,497 existing shares of Hibret Bank S.C., marking another step in the bank’
- [Global Bank Ethiopia Appoints Sahlemichael Mekonnen as Acting CEO](https://www.stockmarket.et/global-bank-ethiopia-appoints-sahlemichael-mekonnen-as-acting-ceo/) — 2026-08-08: Global Bank Ethiopia has appointed Sahlemichael Mekonnen as Acting Chief Executive Officer, following the removal of former CEO Tesfaye Boru by the National Ban
- [ESX Founding CEO Dr. Tilahun Esmael Steps Down as Yodit Kassa Takes Over](https://www.stockmarket.et/esx-founding-ceo-dr-tilahun-esmael-steps-down-as-yodit-kassa-takes-over/) — 2026-08-07: The Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX) has announced the departure of its founding Chief Executive Officer, Tilahun Esmael Kassahun (PhD), with the Board of Di
- [Enat Bank Partners with I Capital Africa Institute and FSD Ethiopia to Advance Ethiopia’s First Private-Sector Gender Bond](https://www.stockmarket.et/enat-bank-partners-with-i-capital-africa-institute-and-fsd-ethiopia-to-advance-ethiopias-first-private-sector-gender-bond/) — 2026-08-06: Enat Bank has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with I Capital Africa Institute and FSD Ethiopia to support the development of Ethiopia’s first private
- [From Ethiopian Airlines to Air India: Tewolde Gebremariam Takes the Helm](https://www.stockmarket.et/from-ethiopian-airlines-to-air-india-tewolde-gebremariam-takes-the-helm/) — 2026-08-05: Air India has appointed former Ethiopian Airlines Group CEO Tewolde Gebremariam as its new Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, effective immediately.
- [Are Ethiopians Unwilling to Work Or Is Work Unwilling to Pay?](https://www.stockmarket.et/are-ethiopians-unwilling-to-work-or-is-work-unwilling-to-pay/) — 2026-08-05: Somewhere along the way, Ethiopia’s stalled job market became a story about laziness. It’s a familiar narrative, usually aimed at the young and the unemployed. 
- [National ID Program Becomes State-Owned Enterprise ‘Faydaverse,’ Joins EIH Portfolio](https://www.stockmarket.et/national-id-program-becomes-state-owned-enterprise-faydaverse-joins-eih-portfolio/) — 2026-08-04: Ethiopia’s National ID Program has been reestablished as Faydaverse, a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) under Ethiopian Investment Holdings (EIH), marking a signifi
- [Ethiopia’s Tulu Kapi Gold Project Progresses Toward Production as KEFI Advances Construction Plans](https://www.stockmarket.et/ethiopias-tulu-kapi-gold-project-progresses-toward-production-as-kefi-advances-construction-plans/) — 2026-08-04: KEFI Gold and Copper plc has announced that development activities at its flagship Tulu Kapi Gold Project in Ethiopia are progressing according to schedule, wit
- [Abay Bank Launches International Prepaid Visa Card for Global Payments](https://www.stockmarket.et/abay-bank-launches-international-prepaid-visa-card-for-global-payments/) — 2026-08-03: Abay Bank has launched the Abay Classic International Prepaid Visa Card, expanding its digital banking services and enabling customers to make secure internatio
- [Tsedey Bank Reports ETB 4.3 Billion Pre-Tax Profit, Highlights Strong Operational Turnaround](https://www.stockmarket.et/tsedey-bank-reports-etb-4-3-billion-pre-tax-profit-highlights-strong-operational-turnaround/) — 2026-08-03: Tsedey Bank has reported a gross profit before tax of ETB 4.3 billion, as the bank showcased significant improvements across its core operations during a perfor
- [Ethiopia Among Countries Affected as U.S. Raises Visa Deposit to $20,000](https://www.stockmarket.et/ethiopia-among-countries-affected-as-u-s-raises-visa-deposit-to-20000/) — 2026-08-01: The United States will make its visa security deposit program permanent, increasing the maximum required deposit for certain visa applicants from $15,000 to $20
- [Former World Bank President Says Ethiopia’s Currency Float Deepened Poverty](https://www.stockmarket.et/former-world-bank-president-says-ethiopias-currency-float-deepened-poverty/) — 2026-07-31: A former World Bank president has sharply criticized Ethiopia’s exchange rate reform, arguing that the IMF-backed shift to a market-determined exchange rate has
- [Afreximbank, Gebeya Launch $50,000 Create-thon to Support African Creators in Music, Video and Gaming](https://www.stockmarket.et/afreximbank-gebeya-launch-50000-create-thon-to-support-african-creators-in-music-video-and-gaming/) — 2026-07-30: The African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank), through its Creative Africa Nexus (CANEX) programme, has partnered with pan-African technology company Gebeya to l
- [US Pushes for American Firms to Join Ethiopian Airlines’ $12.5 Billion Airport Development](https://www.stockmarket.et/us-pushes-for-american-firms-to-join-ethiopian-airlines-12-5-billion-airport-development/) — 2026-07-30: The United States is seeking to increase the involvement of American companies in Ethiopian Airlines’ planned $12.5 billion Bishoftu International Airport proje
- [Ethiopian Airlines Reports $9.1 Billion Revenue, Carries 20.7 Million Passengers in FY 2025/26](https://www.stockmarket.et/ethiopian-airlines-reports-9-1-billion-revenue-carries-20-7-million-passengers-in-fy-2025-26/) — 2026-07-29: Ethiopian Airlines Group has reported $9.1 billion in revenue for the 2025/2026 fiscal year, as the airline recorded growth in passenger numbers, flight operati
- [ECMA Registers 2.8 Million Shares of Nib Insurance S.C.](https://www.stockmarket.et/ecma-registers-2-8-million-shares-of-nib-insurance-s-c/) — 2026-07-29: The Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA) has approved the registration of securities of Nib Insurance S.C., marking another step in the development of Ethi

## Financial Dictionary

Plain-English definitions of capital-market terms, written for an Ethiopian
audience. Each entry has a stable URL and carries schema.org DefinedTerm
metadata. Amharic names are given where available; Amharic definitions are not
yet written.

- [Stocks & Trading](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/topic/stocks-trading/): 108 terms
- [Ratios & Accounting](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/topic/ratios-accounting/): 72 terms
- [Banking & NBE](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/topic/banking-nbe/): 59 terms
- [Macro & Economy](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/topic/macro-economy/): 42 terms
- [Regulation & Compliance](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/topic/regulation-compliance/): 24 terms
- [ESX & Ethiopian Markets](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/topic/esx-ethiopian-markets/): 8 terms
- [Crypto](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/topic/crypto/): 1 term

### Defined terms

- [Acquiring Bank](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/acquiring-bank/): The bank or payment firm that signs up merchants, accepts their card transactions, and settles funds into the merchant account.
- [Actuary](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/actuary/): A professional who uses maths and statistics to price risk, set reserves and test whether insurers and pension funds stay solvent.
- [Amortisation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/amortisation/): Spreading the cost of an intangible asset, or the repayment of a loan, evenly over time.
- [Annual General Meeting](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/annual-general-meeting/): The yearly meeting where shareholders receive accounts, vote on directors and other ordinary company business.
- [Annual Report](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/annual-report/): A yearly document companies publish with financial results, business updates, and audited accounts.
- [Annuity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/annuity/): A contract that turns a lump sum into a stream of payments, often for life, used to fund retirement income.
- [Appreciation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/appreciation/): A rise in the market value of an asset over time, opposite of a price decline.
- [Arbitrage](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/arbitrage/): Buying and selling the same asset in different markets at once to lock in a price gap as profit.
- [Ask Price](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/ask-price/): The lowest price a seller is currently willing to accept for a share or other asset.
- [Asset](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/asset/): Anything of value that a person or company owns and can use to generate income or sell later.
- [Asset Allocation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/asset-allocation/): How you split your money across types of investments such as shares, bonds, and cash.
- [Audit Committee](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/audit-committee/): A board committee that oversees financial reporting, internal controls and the relationship with external auditors.
- [Balance of Payments](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/balance-of-payments/): The full statistical record of a country's transactions with the rest of the world, covering trade, income, transfers, and capital flows.
- [Balance Sheet](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/balance-sheet/): A snapshot of what a company owns and owes at one date, with equity as the difference.
- [Basis Point](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/basis-point/): One hundredth of one percent; used to describe small moves in rates and yields.
- [Bear Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/bear-market/): A market in which prices fall sustainably, commonly a drop of 20% or more from a recent peak.
- [Beta](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/beta/): A measure of how much a share's price tends to move relative to the wider market.
- [Bid Price](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/bid-price/): The highest price a buyer is currently willing to pay for a share or other asset.
- [Bill of Lading](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/bill-of-lading/): A transport document that acts as a receipt for shipped goods, evidence of the carriage contract, and often a title document needed to claim the cargo.
- [Blended Finance](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/blended-finance/): A structure that mixes concessional public or philanthropic money with commercial capital so riskier development projects can attract private investors.
- [Blue Chip](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/blue-chip/): A large, well-known company thought to be financially strong and relatively stable over time.
- [Board of Directors](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/board-of-directors/): The group elected by shareholders to oversee management, set strategy direction and protect the company's long term interests.
- [Bond](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/bond/) / ቦንድ: A loan to a government or company that pays interest and repays the principal on a set date.
- [Bonus Share](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/bonus-share/): An extra share issued free to existing shareholders, paid from reserves rather than from a fresh cash subscription.
- [Book Value](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/book-value/): The net worth of a company on its accounts: total assets minus total liabilities.
- [Budget](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/budget/): A plan that matches your expected income to planned spending and saving over a week, month or year.
- [Bull Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/bull-market/): A market in which prices rise over a sustained period and investor confidence is high.
- [Capital Gain](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/capital-gain/): Profit earned when you sell an asset for more than you paid for it.
- [Capital Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/capital-market/) / የካፒታል ገበያ: The market where long-term funds are raised and traded through instruments such as shares and bonds.
- [Card Issuer](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/card-issuer/): The bank or licensed firm that gives you a debit, credit, or prepaid card and stands behind the payments you make with it.
- [Cash Flow](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/cash-flow/): The money moving into and out of a business over a period, separate from accounting profit.
- [Coinsurance](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/coinsurance/): A shared risk arrangement where you and the insurer, or several insurers, each carry a set percentage of a loss.
- [Collateral](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/collateral/): An asset pledged to a lender that can be seized if the borrower fails to repay.
- [Commission](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/commission/): A fee paid to a broker or agent for executing a trade or arranging a deal.
- [Commodity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/commodity/): A basic raw material or farm product traded in bulk, such as coffee, gold, or oil.
- [Compound Interest](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/compound-interest/): Interest calculated on both the original sum and on interest already added in earlier periods.
- [Concessional Loan](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/concessional-loan/): A loan offered on softer terms than the market, usually with below-market interest, long grace periods, or extended repayment horizons.
- [Core Banking System](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/core-banking-system/): The central software a bank uses to hold customer accounts, post deposits and loans, and keep a single books-of-record view across branches.
- [Correspondent Banking](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/correspondent-banking/): An arrangement where one bank holds accounts and provides payment services for another bank, especially to reach foreign currencies and overseas markets.
- [Coupon](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/coupon/): The regular interest payment a bond issuer pays to holders, often stated as a yearly rate.
- [Credit Rating](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/credit-rating/): An independent score of how likely a borrower is to meet debt payments on time.
- [Cryptocurrency](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/cryptocurrency/): A digital asset recorded on a blockchain that can be transferred without a bank or central authority.
- [Currency](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/currency/): The official money of a country, used to price goods, wages, and financial contracts.
- [Current Account](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/current-account/): The balance-of-payments section covering trade, investment income, and transfers such as remittances with the rest of the world.
- [Debt](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/debt/): Money borrowed that must be repaid, usually with interest, on agreed terms.
- [Debt to Income Ratio](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/debt-to-income-ratio/): Your recurring debt payments as a share of your income; lenders use it to judge how stretched you are.
- [Deductible](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/deductible/): The first slice of a loss that you pay yourself before the insurer pays the rest of a covered claim.
- [Default](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/default/): Failure to meet a debt obligation, such as missing an interest or principal payment.
- [Defined Benefit](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/defined-benefit/): A pension design where your retirement income is calculated by a formula, often using salary and years of service.
- [Defined Contribution](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/defined-contribution/): A pension design where only the contributions are fixed; your benefit depends on how the pot grows and how you draw it.
- [Deflation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/deflation/): A sustained fall in the general price level of goods and services across an economy.
- [Deposit Mobilisation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/deposit-mobilisation/): The effort by banks and microfinance firms to attract and grow customer savings and current-account balances as a stable funding base.
- [Depreciation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/depreciation/): Spreading the cost of a physical asset over its useful life as an accounting expense.
- [Derivative](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/derivative/): A financial contract whose value depends on an underlying asset, rate, or index.
- [Development Finance Institution](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/development-finance-institution/): A public or policy-backed lender that funds projects and firms for development goals, often where pure commercial banks will not go alone.
- [Diversification](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/diversification/): Spreading investments across different assets so that a loss in one does not sink the whole portfolio.
- [Dividend](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/dividend/) / ትርፍ ድርሻ: A share of a company's profit paid out to shareholders, usually in cash.
- [Dividend Policy](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/dividend-policy/): A board's approach to how much profit is paid out as dividends versus kept in the business over time.
- [Due Diligence](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/due-diligence/): Careful research into a company or deal before you invest money or sign a contract.
- [Earnings Per Share](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/earnings-per-share/): A company's net profit divided by its number of shares, the profit attributable to each single share.
- [EBITDA](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/ebitda/): Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortisation; a rough operating profit measure.
- [Emergency Fund](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/emergency-fund/): Cash set aside for true shocks such as job loss, medical bills or urgent repairs, kept separate from everyday spending.
- [Endowment Policy](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/endowment-policy/): A life policy that mixes protection with a savings element, paying out on death or at a set maturity date.
- [Equity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/equity/): Ownership interest in a company; for shareholders, it is residual claim after debts are paid.
- [ETF](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/etf/): An exchange-traded fund: a basket of assets that trades on an exchange like a single share.
- [Ex Dividend](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/ex-dividend/): The status of a share when a new buyer is no longer entitled to the recently declared dividend for that payment cycle.
- [Exchange Rate](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/exchange-rate/) / የምንዛሬ ተመን: The price of one currency in terms of another, for example, how many birr buy one US dollar.
- [Expense Ratio](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/expense-ratio/): The yearly fee a fund charges as a percentage of assets, covering management and running costs.
- [Extraordinary General Meeting](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/extraordinary-general-meeting/): A shareholder meeting called outside the annual cycle to decide urgent or special company business.
- [Face Value](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/face-value/): The nominal value printed on a bond or share certificate, used for coupons and redemption.
- [Fiscal Policy](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/fiscal-policy/): Government decisions on taxing and spending that shape demand, deficits, and public debt.
- [Fixed Income](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/fixed-income/): Investments that pay scheduled interest, such as bonds and treasury bills, rather than ownership stakes.
- [Fundamental Analysis](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/fundamental-analysis/): Studying a company's business, finances, and industry to judge whether its shares are attractive.
- [Futures](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/futures/): Exchange-traded contracts to buy or sell an asset at a set price on a future date.
- [GDP](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/gdp/): Gross domestic product is the total market value of goods and services produced in a country over a set period.
- [Going Concern](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/going-concern/): Going concern means a business is expected to keep operating for the foreseeable future, not close or liquidate.
- [Goodwill](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/goodwill/): Goodwill is the premium paid when buying a business above the fair value of its identifiable net assets.
- [Gross Margin](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/gross-margin/): Gross margin is the share of sales left after the direct cost of making or buying the goods sold.
- [Growth Stock](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/growth-stock/): A growth stock is a company share bought mainly for rising earnings and price, not for high current dividends.
- [Guarantee](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/guarantee/): A promise by one party to cover another party's debt or obligation if that party fails to perform.
- [Guarantor](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/guarantor/): A guarantor is a person or firm that promises to repay a loan if the main borrower fails to pay.
- [Hedge](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/hedge/): A hedge is a position or contract taken to reduce the risk of a loss on another investment or exposure.
- [Hedge Fund](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/hedge-fund/): A hedge fund is a private pooled fund that may use leverage, short selling, and complex strategies for returns.
- [Holding Period](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/holding-period/): The holding period is how long you own an asset between the purchase date and the sale date.
- [Hyperinflation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/hyperinflation/): Hyperinflation is extremely rapid, uncontrolled price rises that destroy the purchasing power of money very quickly.
- [Ijara](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/ijara/): An Islamic lease structure where the financier buys an asset and rents it to the client, sometimes with a path to ownership at the end.
- [Import Cover](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/import-cover/): A measure of how many months of imports a country can pay for using its foreign exchange reserves at the current import rate.
- [Income Statement](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/income-statement/): An income statement shows a company's revenue, costs, and profit or loss over a defined reporting period.
- [Indemnity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/indemnity/): The principle that insurance should restore you financially after a loss, not leave you better off than before.
- [Index](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/index/): A market index tracks a basket of shares or other assets to show how that slice of the market is performing.
- [Inflation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/inflation/) / የዋጋ ግሽበት: The rate at which prices rise over time, reducing what each unit of currency can buy.
- [Initial Public Offering](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/initial-public-offering/): The first sale of a company's shares to the public, after which the shares can trade on an exchange.
- [Instalment](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/instalment/): One scheduled payment in a series that repays a loan or pays for a purchase over time.
- [Insurance Claim](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/insurance-claim/): A formal request to an insurer for payment after a loss that your policy says is covered.
- [Interest Cover](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/interest-cover/): Interest cover shows how many times a company's earnings can pay its interest bills, a check on debt risk.
- [Interest Rate](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/interest-rate/) / የወለድ ምጣኔ: The cost of borrowing money, or the return paid on savings, expressed as a percentage.
- [Investment](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/investment/): An investment is money placed into an asset hoping for income, growth in value, or both over time.
- [Joint Venture](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/joint-venture/): A joint venture is a project or company owned and controlled by two or more parties who share costs and rewards.
- [Journal Entry](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/journal-entry/): A journal entry records a financial transaction in the books, with equal debits and credits under double entry.
- [Junk Bond](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/junk-bond/): A junk bond is a high-yield corporate bond with a low credit rating and a greater risk of default.
- [Key Performance Indicator](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/key-performance-indicator/): A key performance indicator is a measurable figure used to track whether a business is meeting a stated goal.
- [Leverage](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/leverage/): Leverage is the use of borrowed money or similar debt to amplify potential gains and losses on an investment.
- [Liability](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/liability/): A liability is an obligation a person or company must settle in the future, such as a debt or unpaid bill.
- [Life Assurance](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/life-assurance/): Insurance that pays a benefit when the insured person dies, or sometimes at a set maturity date if they survive.
- [Limit Order](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/limit-order/): A limit order is an instruction to buy or sell a security only at a price you set, or at a better price.
- [Liquidity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/liquidity/): How easily an asset can be bought or sold without significantly moving its price.
- [Loan](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/loan/): A loan is money borrowed that must be repaid on an agreed schedule, usually with interest.
- [Long Position](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/long-position/): A long position means you own an asset and profit if its price rises, the opposite of a short position.
- [Loss Ratio](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/loss-ratio/): Claims costs as a share of earned premiums; a core measure of how expensive an insurance book has been.
- [Margin](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/margin/): Margin is borrowed money used to buy securities, or the collateral you must keep with a broker for that debt.
- [Mark to Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/mark-to-market/): Mark to market means valuing an asset at its current market price rather than its original purchase cost.
- [Market Capitalization](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/market-capitalization/): The total market value of a company's shares, its share price multiplied by the number of shares outstanding.
- [Maturity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/maturity/): Maturity is the date when a bond, loan, or other debt instrument must be repaid in full.
- [Merchant Discount Rate](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/merchant-discount-rate/): The percentage fee a merchant pays on each card or electronic sale, covering the acquirer, card scheme, and related processing costs.
- [Mid Cap](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/mid-cap/): A mid cap company sits between large and small firms by market value, often a middle band of market capitalisation.
- [Minority Shareholder](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/minority-shareholder/): An owner whose stake is too small to control the company alone, relying on law and governance for fair treatment.
- [Mudarabah](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/mudarabah/): A profit-sharing deal where one side provides capital and the other manages the venture, splitting profits by agreed ratios.
- [Multilateral Lender](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/multilateral-lender/): A financing institution owned by many countries that provides loans, grants, or guarantees for development, trade, or crisis support.
- [Mutual Fund](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/mutual-fund/): A mutual fund pools money from many investors to buy a diversified portfolio of shares, bonds, or other assets.
- [Net Asset Value](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/net-asset-value/): The value of a fund or company after liabilities are subtracted from assets, usually shown per share or unit.
- [Net Income](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/net-income/): Profit left after a company pays all costs, interest, tax and other expenses for a period.
- [Net Worth](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/net-worth/): What you own minus what you owe: assets less liabilities at a point in time.
- [No Claims Bonus](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/no-claims-bonus/): A premium discount you earn by not making claims, common on motor and some other general insurance policies.
- [Operating Margin](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/operating-margin/): Operating profit as a percentage of revenue, showing how much the core business keeps before interest and tax.
- [Order Book](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/order-book/): The live list of buy and sell orders for a security on an exchange, ranked by price and time.
- [Outstanding Shares](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/outstanding-shares/): All shares of a company currently held by investors, including institutions, insiders and the public.
- [Over the Counter](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/over-the-counter/): Trading done directly between parties rather than through a central exchange order book.
- [Overdraft](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/overdraft/): A facility that lets your current account go below zero up to a limit, with interest on the amount you use.
- [Payment Gateway](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/payment-gateway/): Software that securely passes card or wallet payment details from a merchant site or app to the banks and networks that settle the charge.
- [Point of Sale Terminal](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/point-of-sale-terminal/): A device or software at a merchant that accepts card, wallet, or contactless payments and sends them for authorisation.
- [Policyholder](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/policyholder/): The person or firm named on an insurance contract who owns the policy and pays the premium.
- [Portfolio](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/portfolio/): The collection of investments you hold, such as shares, bonds, funds and cash.
- [Pre Shipment Finance](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/pre-shipment-finance/): Short-term credit that funds raw materials, wages, or packaging after an export order is won but before the goods are shipped and paid for.
- [Preference Share](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/preference-share/): A share class that usually gets dividends before ordinary shareholders and ranks higher if the company is wound up.
- [Premium](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/premium/): The regular price you pay an insurer to keep a policy active and stay covered for the risks named in the contract.
- [Prepaid Card](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/prepaid-card/): A payment card loaded with money in advance, so you can spend only what is already on the card rather than borrowing.
- [Present Value](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/present-value/): Today's worth of a future cash amount after discounting it at an appropriate interest or required return rate.
- [Price-to-Book Ratio](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/price-to-book-ratio/): Share price divided by book value per share, used to compare market value with accounting net assets.
- [Price-to-Earnings Ratio](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/price-to-earnings-ratio/): How much investors pay for each unit of a company's annual earnings, share price divided by earnings per share.
- [Primary Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/primary-market/): The market where new securities are sold for the first time and the issuer receives the money.
- [Profit and Loss Sharing](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/profit-and-loss-sharing/): A financing approach where the provider and the entrepreneur share profits by agreed ratios and also share downside according to the contract type.
- [Profit Margin](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/profit-margin/): Profit expressed as a percentage of revenue, showing how much of each unit of sales is kept as profit.
- [Proxy Vote](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/proxy-vote/): A vote cast on your behalf at a shareholder meeting by someone you appoint when you cannot attend yourself.
- [Quantitative Easing](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/quantitative-easing/): A central bank policy of buying large amounts of assets to inject money into the financial system and lower longer-term rates.
- [Quarterly Results](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/quarterly-results/): A company's financial performance report for a three-month period, often including revenue, profit and key ratios.
- [Quick Ratio](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/quick-ratio/): A liquidity test that divides cash, receivables and other near-cash assets by current liabilities.
- [Recession](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/recession/): A broad, sustained decline in economic activity across the economy, not just one firm or sector.
- [Retained Earnings](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/retained-earnings/): Profits kept in the business after dividends, added to equity on the balance sheet over time.
- [Return on Equity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/return-on-equity/): Net income divided by shareholders' equity, showing how efficiently a company uses owners' capital.
- [Revenue](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/revenue/): The total income a company earns from its normal business activities before costs are deducted.
- [Rights Issue](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/rights-issue/): An offer of new shares to existing shareholders, usually at a discount, in proportion to shares they already own.
- [Risk Appetite](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/risk-appetite/): How much investment risk a person or institution is willing to take in pursuit of higher potential returns.
- [Risk Premium](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/risk-premium/): The extra return investors demand for holding a riskier asset instead of a safer one.
- [Savings Rate](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/savings-rate/): The share of income you keep rather than spend, a simple gauge of how fast your financial buffer can grow.
- [Secondary Market](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/secondary-market/): The market where investors buy and sell existing securities among themselves after the original issue.
- [Share Capital](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/share-capital/): The capital a company raises by issuing shares, recorded in equity on the balance sheet.
- [Shareholder](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/shareholder/): A person or institution that owns one or more shares in a company and therefore holds an ownership stake.
- [Sovereign Credit Rating](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/sovereign-credit-rating/): An opinion from a rating agency on a government's ability and willingness to meet its debt obligations on time and in full.
- [Spread](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/spread/): The gap between the best bid and best offer prices for a security, a common measure of trading cost.
- [Standing Order](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/standing-order/): An instruction you give your bank to pay a fixed amount to a named recipient on a regular date.
- [Stock](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/stock/) / አክሲዮን: A unit of ownership in a company, giving the holder a claim on part of its assets and profits.
- [Stock Exchange](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/stock-exchange/) / የአክሲዮን ገበያ: A regulated marketplace where shares and other securities are bought and sold.
- [Stock Split](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/stock-split/): A company increases its share count and cuts the price per share by the same factor, leaving overall value unchanged.
- [Stop-Loss Order](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/stop-loss-order/): An instruction to sell (or buy) if the price reaches a set level, meant to limit further losses.
- [Sukuk](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/sukuk/): Islamic finance certificates that give investors a share in ownership of an asset or project cash flows rather than a conventional interest-bearing bond.
- [Sum Assured](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/sum-assured/): The fixed amount a life or related policy promises to pay on a covered event such as death or maturity.
- [Supply and Demand](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/supply-and-demand/): The basic market forces of how much is offered for sale and how much buyers want, which together set prices.
- [Systematic Risk](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/systematic-risk/): Market wide risk that affects many assets at once and cannot be removed by diversifying across ordinary stocks alone.
- [Takeover](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/takeover/): When one company gains control of another, usually by buying enough shares or agreeing a purchase of the whole firm.
- [Tariff](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/tariff/): A schedule of taxes or charges on imports or exports, set by product category to raise revenue or protect local producers.
- [Tax Base](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/tax-base/): The amount or activity a tax law multiplies by a rate: income, sales, property value, or another defined measure.
- [Technical Analysis](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/technical-analysis/): A method of studying past prices and trading volume to spot patterns that some traders use to time buy and sell decisions.
- [Ticker Symbol](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/ticker-symbol/): A short code of letters used on an exchange to identify a listed company or security in trading systems and news.
- [Time Value of Money](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/time-value-of-money/): The idea that money available now is worth more than the same amount later, because it can earn a return in the meantime.
- [Total Return](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/total-return/): The full gain or loss on an investment, including price change plus any dividends or interest received over the period.
- [Trade Deficit](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/trade-deficit/): A period when the value of a country's imports of goods (and often services) exceeds the value of its exports.
- [Trade Surplus](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/trade-surplus/): When a country exports more goods and services by value than it imports over a given period.
- [Trading Volume](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/trading-volume/): The number of shares or contracts that changed hands in a security or market over a set period, often one day.
- [Trend](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/trend/): The general direction of a market or security price over time, such as rising, falling, or moving sideways.
- [Turnover](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/turnover/): In markets, the value or amount of securities traded in a period. In business, sales revenue for the same idea of activity.
- [Underlying Asset](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/underlying-asset/): The real security, commodity, or index on which a derivative contract or structured product is based.
- [Underwriter](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/underwriter/): The specialist who decides whether an insurer will accept a risk, on what terms, and at what premium.
- [Underwriting](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/underwriting/): In capital markets, the process where an intermediary helps price and sell a new issue of securities, often taking on placement risk.
- [Unrealised Gain](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/unrealised-gain/): A paper profit on an investment you still hold, based on current market value being higher than what you paid.
- [Unsystematic Risk](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/unsystematic-risk/): Risk that is specific to one company or industry and can be reduced by holding a wider mix of investments.
- [Valuation](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/valuation/): The process of estimating what a company, asset, or security is worth using prices, cash flows, or comparison methods.
- [Value Investing](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/value-investing/): An approach that seeks shares priced below an estimate of their true worth, aiming to profit when the market revalues them.
- [Venture Capital](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/venture-capital/): Equity funding provided to early stage or high growth companies that are not yet ready for public markets.
- [Vesting](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/vesting/): The schedule by which an employee or founder gains full ownership rights over granted shares, options, or other benefits.
- [Volatility](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/volatility/): How much and how quickly a price moves up and down over a given period.
- [Voting Rights](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/voting-rights/): The power attached to some shares to vote on company matters such as directors, major deals, or share issues.
- [Warrant](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/warrant/): A security that gives the holder the right to buy a company's shares at a set price before an expiry date.
- [Weighted Average Cost of Capital](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/weighted-average-cost-of-capital/): The blended required return on a firm's debt and equity, weighted by how much of each it uses to fund assets.
- [Working Capital](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/working-capital/): Current assets minus current liabilities, a snapshot of short term funds available to run day to day operations.
- [Write Off](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/write-off/): An accounting step that removes an asset's remaining value from the books when it is judged uncollectable or worthless.
- [XBRL](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/xbrl/): A standard digital language for tagging financial report data so software can read, compare, and check company filings.
- [XIRR](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/xirr/): An annualised return rate for a series of cash flows that occur on irregular dates, solved so the net present value is zero.
- [Year on Year](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/year-on-year/): A comparison of a figure with the same figure from twelve months earlier, used to show growth or decline.
- [Yield](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/yield/): Income from an investment expressed as a percentage of its price or face value, such as dividend yield or bond yield.
- [Yield Curve](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/yield-curve/): A graph of interest rates for bonds of the same credit quality across different maturities, from short term to long term.
- [Yield to Maturity](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/yield-to-maturity/): The annualised return you would earn on a bond if you bought it at today's price, received all coupons, and held it to maturity.
- [Z Score](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/z-score/): A statistical measure of how many standard deviations a value sits from the mean, used in finance for risk and outlier checks.
- [Zero Coupon Bond](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/zero-coupon-bond/): A bond sold below face value that pays no periodic interest and returns a single amount at maturity.
- [Zero Sum Game](https://www.stockmarket.et/dictionary/zero-sum-game/): A situation where one participant's gain equals another's loss, so the total net result across all sides is zero.

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